More than 100,000 Russian troops have amassed near the border in a major military build-up.

The prime minister spoke to the Russian president in a phone call on Wednesday afternoon.

Afterwards, the Kremlin said Mr Putin had noted "NATO's unwillingness to adequately respond to well-founded Russian concerns".

Downing Street said Mr Johnson "emphasised the need to find a way forward which respects both Ukraine's territorial integrity and right to self-defence".

It said the prime minister stressed "any further Russian incursion into Ukrainian territory would be a tragic miscalculation".

Number 10 said the leaders agreed "aggravation was in no one's interest".

The prime minister also stressed the importance of dialogue and diplomacy, and the need to include Ukraine in talks.

For its part, the Kremlin said Mr Putin drew attention to "Kyiv's chronic sabotage" of the Minsk agreements which were designed to end a separatist war by Russian-speakers in eastern Ukraine.

It added: "NATO's unwillingness to adequately respond to well-founded Russian concerns was noted, while hiding behind references to the so-called open-door policy of the alliance, which contradicts the fundamental principle of the indivisibility of security."

Read more: 'We need to get used to this' - Ukrainians fatalistic about latest Russian threat

Russia has denied it plans to invade Ukraine.

Last week, the West rejected Moscow's demands to stop Ukraine from ever joining NATO and pull out NATO forces from eastern Europe, while expressing willingness to talk about arms control and confidence-building measures.

Former UK ambassador to Ukraine Robert Brinkley said he was glad Mr Johnson was "keeping the lines of communication open" with Mr Putin.

"I think there's a real danger of Russia miscalculating the strength of the Ukrainian response if there's a further Russian military aggression against Ukraine," he told Sky News.

"The Ukrainians will resist, they'll fight, and they've got a lot of experience over the last eight years and they've built up their forces.

"NATO, too, and the West, is ready to oppose, ready to bring in very severe and far-reaching sanctions on the Russian leadership and the Russian economy."

He said he believed Mr Putin was operating at two levels, seeking to return Ukraine "to Russia's sphere of influence as a subordinate" and to "push NATO back in Europe to where it was in 1997".

It comes as President Joe Biden has approved the deployment of thousands more US troops to Poland and Germany in the coming days.

Yesterday Mr Johnson urged Russia to "step back" from any military action against Ukraine, saying the UK "stands shoulder to shoulder" with Kyiv.

He said a Russian invasion would be a "political and humanitarian disaster" and a "military disaster as well".

A series of "sanctions and other measures" is being prepared for when the "first Russian toecap crosses into Ukrainian territory", he said.

Mr Putin has blamed the US for escalating tensions and accused the West of ignoring Russia's "fundamental" concerns, saying that Russia's main security demands have not been satisfied.

At a news conference on Tuesday, Mr Putin expressed concerns about Ukraine potentially joining NATO and then trying to retake the Crimea peninsula, suggesting it could force Russia to go to war with the whole security bloc.

Meanwhile, one of Russia's top diplomats has said he did not trust British diplomacy.

Russia's deputy UN ambassador, Dmitry Polyanskiy, told Sky News: "There is always room for diplomacy, but frankly, we don't trust British diplomacy. I think in recent years British diplomacy has shown that it is absolutely worthless.

"I really don't want to offend anybody, especially my good friends, British diplomats, but really, the results are nothing to boast about."

Ukraine's foreign minister, Dmytro Kuleba, said Russia branding British diplomacy as "worthless" was the "best compliment" the UK could receive from Moscow.

In response to a question about Western diplomacy asked by Adam Parsons of Sky News, he added: "I have full trust in our capacity to defend the country. I have full trust in some of our partners and the United Kingdom is one of them.

"A difficult situation cannot be solved without making difficult decisions - and whatever the price of deterrence is, the price of stopping the war will be much higher."

"What is happening in Ukraine now is important" for the whole of Europe, he added.